Phylogenetic origin of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salmo trutta</Emphasis> L 1758 from Sicily,based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA analyses

The phylogenetic status of brown trout Salmo trutta L 1758 in Sicily is uncertain as some reports describe these trout as S. macrostigma or S. cettii on one hand while other, contradictory reports imply a hatchery origin on the other. In order to clarify this situation, we performed sequence analysis of the mtDNA control region and restriction fragment analysis of the nuclear lactate dehydrogenase (LDH-C1*) gene. A single mitochondrial haplotype (At-s6) found previously in brown trout in Morocco, and two alleles at LDH-C1* (the ancestral*100, at a high frequency, and *90) were revealed. Our results suggest that Sicilian brown trout are native and that they probably colonized Sicily from west to east in an expansion, from the Atlantic Ocean basin, along the North-West African coast. Handling editor: C. Sturmbauer     

Gill chemoreceptors and cardio-respiratory reflexes in the neotropical teleost pacu, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Piaractus mesopotamicus</Emphasis>

This study examined the location and distribution of O₂ chemoreceptors involved in cardio-respiratory responses to hypoxia in the neotropical teleost, the pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). Intact fish and fish experiencing progressive gill denervation by selective transection of cranial nerves IX and X were exposed to gradual hypoxia and submitted to intrabuccal and intravenous injections of NaCN while their heart rate, ventilation rate and ventilation amplitude were measured. The chemoreceptors producing reflex bradycardia were confined to, but distributed along all gill arches, and were sensitive to O₂ levels in the water and the blood. Ventilatory responses to all stimuli, though modified, continued following gill denervation, however, indicating the presence of internally and externally oriented receptors along all gill arches and either in the pseudobranch or at extra-branchial sites. Chemoreceptors located on the first pair of gill arches and innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve appeared to attenuate the cardiac and respiratory responses to hypoxia. The data indicate that the location and distribution of cardio-respiratory O₂ receptors are not identical to those in tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) despite their similar habitats and close phylogenetic lineage, although the differences between the two species could reduce to nothing more than the presence or absence of the pseudobranch.     

施肥对苗期紫茎泽兰和黑麦草相对竞争力的影响

为种植黑麦草替代控制紫茎泽兰提供依据,运用取代实验法,研究了施肥(氮、磷)对苗期紫茎泽兰和黑麦草的相对竞争力以及生长表现的影响。结果表明:增施氮肥和磷肥均能够提高紫茎泽兰的相对竞争力,而仅磷肥对黑麦草的竞争力略有促进作用;但在各种施肥水平下,黑麦草的竞争力仍然明显强于紫茎泽兰。增施氮肥可以显著提高紫茎泽兰的株高、分枝数和干质量,而磷肥仅在较高时才显著提高其干质量;增施氮肥虽然可以提高黑麦草的分蘖数量,但对其干质量没有影响,而增施磷肥(2次)可以显著提高其干质量;在竞争中紫茎泽兰植株生长的能量分配(用根茎比表示)对磷肥不敏感。建议适当增施磷肥、不施或少施氮肥,以提高黑麦草的替代控制效果。     

具空间扩散的时变种群系统的最优捕获控制

讨论了一类时变种群扩散系统的最优捕获控制的非线性问题,证明了最优捕获控制的存在性,并给出了控制u（t,x）∈Uad为最优的必要条件和最优性组．     

屏障环境的门禁控制系统的设计与应用

实验动物屏障环境设施在动态运行时是一个封闭的系统,进入的人、动物、饲料、空气、垫料及用品均须进行严格的微生物控制。传递仓、渡槽、风淋室和缓冲间设备上的控制环节缺少必要的门禁自动化控制设备,在日常工作上极容易造成违章操作和失误,该门禁系统可控制设备的开关门程序和时间,并可启动消毒设备,实现门禁控制和消毒灭菌的目的。     

Development and Challenge of HIV/AIDS Testing Laboratory Network and Quality Assurance System in China

This paper describes the development and challenge of HIV/AIDS testing laboratory network and quality assurance system in China. At present,the HIV/AIDS testing laboratories includes three classes,the National AIDS Reference Laboratory,HIV/AIDS confirmatory laboratories and HIV/AIDS screening laboratories. All of them are accredited by the health authorities,and each class of laboratories take charge of their function strictly according to the "National Management of HIV/AIDS Detection (2006)". A complete quality assurance and quality control system for HIV/AIDS testing has been developed,which includes technical training,strict laboratory monitoring and approval,examination or proficiency testing on HIV/AIDS detection,and quality evaluation and supervision of HIV/AIDS diagnostic kits. Besides conduct the routine anti-HIV antibody test,more and more laboratories began to conduct other tests,such as CD4 T lymphocyte cell counting,HIV viral load,HIV DNA PCR,genotyping,drug resistance,and HIV-1 recent infection test. The primary challenges faced by the HIV/AIDS testing laboratory network are in the areas of laboratory management and quality control. For example,the provincial PT program is inefficient,the internal quality control is conducted perfunctorily,personnel training can not met the needs of the workplace,which need to be improved.     

毒死蜱和高效氯氰菊酯防治荔枝蝽的田间试验效果

采用害虫种群动态、虫口减退率和校正虫口减退率3个指标评价了毒死蜱及高效氯氰菊酯单独使用和复配使用对荔枝蝽的野外防治效果。结果表明:4.5%高效氯氰菊酯乳油1500倍和9%毒死蜱.高效氯氰菊酯乳油1000倍液是防治荔枝蝽象的有效配比,防治效果较好,药效持续时间较长。2种杀虫剂复配使用无增效作用,但能够降低害虫产生抗药性的风险,在荔枝蝽虫口密度较低时可考虑使用。     

管氏肿腿蜂对锈色粒肩天牛的防治试验

利用管氏肿腿蜂进行了防治锈色粒肩天牛幼虫的试验,结果表明:锈色粒肩天牛幼虫的寄生死亡率可达40%~70%,而且幼虫的寄生死亡率随着放蜂量的增加而提高,按虫蜂比1∶1、1∶5和1∶10分别放蜂,寄生死亡率依次为35.4%、48.3%和68.9%;最佳放蜂时间为8月中旬,此时放蜂的校正寄生率为55.67%,明显地高于7月份和9月份。